Secureum Book
  • 🛡️Secureum Bootcamp
    • 🛡️Secureum Bootcamp
    • 🙌Participate
    • 📜History
  • 📚LEARN
    • Introduction
      • 🔷1. Ethereum Basics
        • 1.1 Ethereum: Concept, Infrastructure & Purpose
        • 1.2 Properties of the Ethereum Infrastructure
        • 1.3 Ethereum vs. Bitcoin
        • 1.4 Ethereum Core Components
        • 1.5 Gas Metering: Solving the Halting Problem
        • 1.6 web2 vs. web3: The Paradigm Shift
        • 1.7 Decentralization
        • 1.8 Cryptography, Digital Signature & Keys
        • 1.9 Ethereum State & Account Types
        • 1.10 Transactions: Properties & Components
        • 1.11 Contract Creation
        • 1.12 Transactions, Messages & Blockchain
        • 1.13 EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) in Depth
        • 1.14 Transaction Reverts & Data
        • 1.15 Block Explorer
        • 1.16 Mainnet & Testnets
        • 1.17 ERCs & EIPs
        • 1.18 Legal Aspects in web3: Pseudonymity & DAOs
        • 1.19 Security in web3
        • 1.20 web2 Timescales vs. web3 Timescales
        • 1.21 Test-in-Prod. SSLDC vs. Audits
        • Summary: 101 Keypoints
      • 🌀2. Solidity
        • 2.1 Solidity: Influence, Features & Layout
        • 2.2 SPDX & Pragmas
        • 2.3 Imports
        • 2.4 Comments & NatSpec
        • 2.5 Smart Contracts
        • 2.6 State Variables: Definition, Visibility & Mutability
        • 2.7 Data Location
        • 2.8 Functions
        • 2.9 Events
        • 2.10 Solidity Typing
        • 2.11 Solidity Variables
        • 2.12 Address Type
        • 2.13 Conversions
        • 2.14 Keywords & Shorthand Operators
        • 2.15 Solidity Units
        • 2.16 Block & Transaction Properties
        • 2.17 ABI Encoding & Decoding
        • 2.18 Error Handling
        • 2.19 Mathematical & Cryptographic Functions
        • 2.20 Control Structures
        • 2.21 Style & Conventions
        • 2.22 Inheritance
        • 2.23 EVM Storage
        • 2.24 EVM Memory
        • 2.25 Inline Assembly
        • 2.26 Solidity Version Changes
        • 2.27 Security Checks
        • 2.28 OpenZeppelin Libraries
        • 2.29 DAppSys Libraries
        • 2.30 Important Protocols
        • Summary: 201 Keypoints
      • 🔏3. Security Pitfalls & Best Practices
        • 3.1 Solidity Versions
        • 3.2 Access Control
        • 3.3 Modifiers
        • 3.4 Constructor
        • 3.5 Delegatecall
        • 3.6 Reentrancy
        • 3.7 Private Data
        • 3.8 PRNG & Time
        • 3.9 Math & Logic
        • 3.10 Transaction Order Dependence
        • 3.11 ecrecover
        • 3.12 Unexpected Returns
        • 3.13 Ether Accounting
        • 3.14 Transaction Checks
        • 3.15 Delete Mappings
        • 3.16 State Modification
        • 3.17 Shadowing & Pre-declaration
        • 3.18 Gas & Costs
        • 3.19 Events
        • 3.20 Unary Expressions
        • 3.21 Addresses
        • 3.22 Assertions
        • 3.23 Keywords
        • 3.24 Visibility
        • 3.25 Inheritance
        • 3.26 Reference Parameters
        • 3.27 Arbitrary Jumps
        • 3.28 Hash Collisions & Byte Level Issues
        • 3.29 Unicode RTLO
        • 3.30 Variables
        • 3.31 Pointers
        • 3.32 Out-of-range Enum
        • 3.33 Dead Code & Redundant Statements
        • 3.34 Compiler Bugs
        • 3.35 Proxy Pitfalls
        • 3.36 Token Pitfalls
        • 3.37 Special Token Pitfalls
        • 3.38 Guarded Launch Pitfalls
        • 3.39 System Pitfalls
        • 3.40 Access Control Pitfalls
        • 3.41 Testing, Unused & Redundand Code
        • 3.42 Handling Ether
        • 3.43 Application Logic Pitfalls
        • 3.44 Saltzer & Schroeder's Design Principles
        • Summary: 201 Keypoints
      • 🗜️4. Audit Techniques & Tools
        • 4.1 Audit
        • 4.2 Analysis Techniques
        • 4.3 Specification, Documentation & Testing
        • 4.4 False Positives & Negatives
        • 4.5 Security Tools
        • 4.6 Audit Process
        • Summary: 101 Keypoints
      • ☝️5. Audit Findings
        • 5.1 Criticals
        • 5.2 Highs
        • 5.3 Mediums
        • 5.4 Lows
        • 5.5 Informationals
        • Summary: 201 Keypoints
  • 🌱CARE
    • CARE
      • CARE Reports
  • 🚩CTFs
    • A-MAZE-X CTFs
      • Secureum A-MAZE-X
      • Secureum A-MAZE-X Stanford
      • Secureum A-MAZE-X Maison de la Chimie Paris
Powered by GitBook
On this page
  • Ether Units
  • Time Units
  1. LEARN
  2. Introduction
  3. 2. Solidity

2.15 Solidity Units

Ether Units

Ether is 181818 decimals, the smallest unit is a wei. There are various names given for different numbers of weis: 111 gwei =109= 10^9=109 wei, 111 Ether =1018= 10^{18}=1018.

In the case of the Solidity types, a literal number can be given a suffix of a wei, or a gwei (gigawei) or an Ether. These are used to specify sub denominations of Ether, as we see here, which are used when contracts want to manipulate different denominations of Ether in the context of the logic.

Time Units

As you can imagine contracts might want to work with different notions of time for various types of logic that they want to encode. Solidity supports different suffixes that represent time, and these can be applied to literal numbers and these suffixes are: seconds, minutes, hours, days and weeks.

The base unit for time is seconds, so literally when 1 is used it is the same as representing 1 seconds. The suffixes cannot be directly applied onto variables, so if you want to apply time units to certain variables, then one needs to multiply that variable with that time unit.

So as an example shown, if we have a daysafter variable and we wanted to represent the number of days then we have to proceed like follows

daysafter * 1 days

That is the only way how Solidity allows one to use these units with variables.

Previous2.14 Keywords & Shorthand OperatorsNext2.16 Block & Transaction Properties

Last updated 1 year ago

📚
🌀